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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biokolmation</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Kolmation" title="Kolmation">Kolmation</a></i></div>
<p><b>Biokolmation</b>, auch biologische <a href="Kolmation" title="Kolmation">Kolmation</a> genannt, ist die Verringerung der Durchlässigkeit des <a href="Boden_(Bodenkunde)" title="Boden (Bodenkunde)">Bodens</a> durch mikrobielle Biomasse. Die mikrobielle Biomasse blockiert den Wasserweg im Porenraum, bildet eine undurchlässige Schicht im Boden und verringert so die Geschwindigkeit der <a href="Infiltration_(Hydrogeologie)" title="Infiltration (Hydrogeologie)">Infiltration</a> von Wasser.
</p><p>Biokolmation wird unter kontinuierlicher Infiltration bei verschiedenen Feldbedingungen, etwa in künstlichen <a href="Wasserbassin" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasserbassin">Wasserbassins</a>, Perkolationsgräben, <a href="Kanal_(Wasserbau)" title="Kanal (Wasserbau)">Bewässerungskanälen</a>, Abwasserbehandlungssystemen und <a href="Deponie" title="Deponie">Deponiebarrieren</a> beobachtet. Sie beeinflusst auch die <a href="Grundwasser" title="Grundwasser">Grundwasserströmung</a> im <a href="Grundwasserleiter" title="Grundwasserleiter">Grundwasserleiter</a>, verändert die Wirksamkeit technischer Einrichtungen wie einer <a href="Reaktive_Wand" title="Reaktive Wand">Reaktiven Wand</a> oder der <a href="Terti%C3%A4re_%C3%96lgewinnung" title="Tertiäre Ölgewinnung">tertiären Ölgewinnung</a>. In Situationen, in denen die Infiltration von Wasser technisch erforderlich ist, kann die Biokolmation problematisch sein und Gegenmaßnahmen wie die regelmäßige Trocknung des Systems erfordern. In einigen Fällen kann Biokolmation aber auch ausgenutzt werden, um eine undurchlässige Schicht herzustellen, um die Infiltrationsrate und damit Wasserverluste zu minimieren.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allgemeine_Beschreibung">Allgemeine Beschreibung</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veränderung_der_Permeabilität_mit_der_Zeit"><span id="Ver.C3.A4nderung_der_Permeabilit.C3.A4t_mit_der_Zeit"></span>Veränderung der Permeabilität mit der Zeit</h3></div>
<p>Biokolmation äußert sich als Abnahme der Infiltrationsrate. Eine Verringerung der Infiltrationsrate im technischen Experiment auf diese Weise wurde zuerst in den 1940er Jahren beobachtet, als die Infiltration aus Wasserbassins in Bewässerungsanlagen und die Wasserverteilung auf künstlich bewässerten landwirtschaftlichen Böden untersucht wurde.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wenn die Böden kontinuierlich wassergesättigt sind, ändert sich die <a href="Permeabilit%C3%A4t_(Geowissenschaften)" title="Permeabilität (Geowissenschaften)">Permeabilität</a> bzw. die gesättigte hydraulische Leitfähigkeit in 3 Stufen:
</p>
<ol><li>Die Permeabilität verringert sich nach 10 bis 20 Tagen, möglicherweise aufgrund von physikalischen Veränderungen der Bodenstruktur.</li>
<li>Die Permeabilität erhöht sich durch Verdrängung der eingeschlossenen Luft im Boden durch das Perkolationswasser.</li>
<li>Die Permeabilität verringert sich nach 2 bis 4 Wochen aufgrund des Zerfalls von <a href="Aggregatgef%C3%BCge" title="Aggregatgefüge">Aggregaten</a> und der biologischen Kolmation von Bodenporen mit mikrobiellen Zellen und deren synthetisierten Stoffwechselprodukten, zum Beispiel <a href="Extrazellul%C3%A4re_polymere_Substanzen" title="Extrazelluläre polymere Substanzen">extrazelluläre polymere Substanzen</a> wie <a href="Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">Polysaccharide</a>.</li></ol>
<p>Die Biokolmation ist also an der dritten Stufe beteiligt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ursachen_von_Wasserundurchlässigkeit"><span id="Ursachen_von_Wasserundurchl.C3.A4ssigkeit"></span>Ursachen von Wasserundurchlässigkeit</h3></div>
<p>Je nach Feldbedingung gibt es verschiedene Ursachen für die Änderung der <a href="Permeabilit%C3%A4t_(Geowissenschaften)" title="Permeabilität (Geowissenschaften)">hydraulischen Leitfähigkeit</a>, von denen die Biokolmation nur eine ist.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ol><li>Physikalische Ursachen: Physisches Verstopfen durch <a href="Schwebstoffe" title="Schwebstoffe">Schwebstoffe</a> oder physikalische Veränderungen der Böden wie Zerfall des <a href="Aggregatgef%C3%BCge" title="Aggregatgefüge">Aggregatgefüges</a>. Auch die Lösung der eingeschlossenen <a href="Bodenluft" title="Bodenluft">Bodenluft</a> im Perkolationswasser ist eine physikalische Ursache, hier aber für die Erhöhung der hydraulischen Leitfähigkeit.</li>
<li>Chemische Ursachen: Veränderung der <a href="Elektrolyt" title="Elektrolyt">Elektrolytkonzentration</a> in der wässrigen Phase, die eine Dispersion und Quellung von <a href="Tonminerale" title="Tonminerale">Tonminerale</a> bewirkt. Eine hohe Konzentration von Natriumionen im Bewässerungswasser führt über Austausch von Natrium gegen Magnesium oder Calcium zu einer Bodenverdichtung, dies wird als Natrium-Adsorptionswert (englisch SAR, Sodium Adsorption Ratio) gemessen.</li>
<li>Biologische Ursachen:
<ol><li>Biokolmation durch <a href="Zelle_(Biologie)" title="Zelle (Biologie)">Zellen</a> oder <a href="Zellkolonie" title="Zellkolonie">Zellkolonien</a> (wie <a href="Bakterien" title="Bakterien">Bakterien</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Alge" title="Alge">Algen</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und <a href="Pilze" title="Pilze">Pilzen</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) und von diesen synthetisierte Stoffen wie <a href="Extrazellul%C3%A4re_polymere_Substanzen" title="Extrazelluläre polymere Substanzen">extrazellulären polymeren Substanzen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> die <a href="Biofilm" title="Biofilm">Biofilme</a> aufbauen<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und Zellkolonien zusammenhalten<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, sind direkte biologische Ursachen für die Abnahme der hydraulischen Leitfähigkeit. Dies ist die Biokolmation im engeren Sinne.</li>
<li>Die Bildung von Gasblasen, etwa von <a href="Methan" title="Methan">Methan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> die durch <a href="Methanogenese" title="Methanogenese">Methanogenese</a> gebildet werden, verdrängt Wasser aus den Bodenporen und trägt zur Verringerung der hydraulischen Leitfähigkeit bei. Da das Gas mikrobielles Endprodukt ist, kann dies auch als Biokolmation angesehen werden.</li>
<li><a href="Eisenbakterien" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenbakterien">Eisenbakterien</a> verursachen durch Umwandlung löslicher Eisen(II)-Ionen in unlösliche <a href="Eisen(III)-oxidhydroxid" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisen(III)-oxidhydroxid">Eisenhydroxide</a> Ablagerungen von Eisenocker-Niederschlägen, die zur Verstopfung der Bodenporen führen kann.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch dies ist eine indirekte biologische Ursache der Abnahme der hydraulischen Leitfähigkeit.</li></ol></li></ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L.E. Allison: <cite style="font-style:italic">Effect of microorganisms on permeability of soil under prolonged submergence</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Soil Science</cite>. 63. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, 1947, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>439–450</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.lww.com/soilsci/Citation/1947/06000/EFFECT_OF_MICROORGANISMS_ON_PERMEABILITY_OF_SOIL.3.aspx">lww.com</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Biokolmation&rft.atitle=Effect+of+microorganisms+on+permeability+of+soil+under+prolonged+submergence&rft.au=L.E.%26%2332%3BAllison&rft.date=1947&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Soil+Science&rft.pages=439-450&rft.volume=63.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Baveye, P. Vandevivere, B.L. Hoyle, P.C. DeLeo, D.S. de Lozada: <cite style="font-style:italic">Environmental impact and mechanisms of the biological clogging of saturated soils and aquifer materials</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology</cite>. 28. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 2006, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>123–191</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389891254197">10.1080/10643389891254197</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233057180">researchgate.net</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Biokolmation&rft.atitle=Environmental+impact+and+mechanisms+of+the+biological+clogging+of+saturated+soils+and+aquifer+materials&rft.au=P.%26%2332%3BBaveye%2C%26%2332%3BP.%26%2332%3BVandevivere%2C%26%2332%3BB.L.%26%2332%3BHoyle%2C+...&rft.date=2006&rft.doi=10.1080%2F10643389891254197&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Environmental+Science+and+Technology&rft.pages=123-191&rft.volume=28.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.P. Gupta, D. Swartzendruber: <cite style="font-style:italic">Flow-associated reduction in the hydraulic conductivity of quartz sand</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Soil Science Society of America Journal</cite>. 26. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 1962, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6–10</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1962.03615995002600010003x">10.2136/sssaj1962.03615995002600010003x</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Biokolmation&rft.atitle=Flow-associated+reduction+in+the+hydraulic+conductivity+of+quartz+sand&rft.au=R.P.%26%2332%3BGupta%2C%26%2332%3BD.%26%2332%3BSwartzendruber&rft.date=1962&rft.doi=10.2136%2Fsssaj1962.03615995002600010003x&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Soil+Science+Society+of+America+Journal&rft.pages=6-10&rft.volume=26.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W.T. Frankenberger, F.R. Troeh, L.C. Dumenil: <cite style="font-style:italic">Bacterial effects on hydraulic conductivity of soils</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Soil Science Society of America Journal</cite>. 43. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 1979, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>333–338</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1979.03615995004300020019x">10.2136/sssaj1979.03615995004300020019x</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Biokolmation&rft.atitle=Bacterial+effects+on+hydraulic+conductivity+of+soils&rft.au=W.T.%26%2332%3BFrankenberger%2C%26%2332%3BF.R.%26%2332%3BTroeh%2C%26%2332%3BL.C.%26%2332%3BDumenil&rft.date=1979&rft.doi=10.2136%2Fsssaj1979.03615995004300020019x&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Soil+Science+Society+of+America+Journal&rft.pages=333-338&rft.volume=43.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Vandevivere, P. Baveye: <cite style="font-style:italic">Saturated hydraulic conductivity reduction caused by aerobic bacteria in sand columns</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Soil Science Society of America Journal</cite>. 56. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 1992, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1–13</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600010001x">10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600010001x</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Philippe_Baveye/publication/236679936_Saturated_Hydraulic_Conductivity_Reduction_Caused_by_Aerobic_Bacteria_in_Sand_Columns/links/0c960535bad45a2664000000/Saturated-Hydraulic-Conductivity-Reduction-Caused-by-Aerobic-Bacteria-in-Sand-Columns.pdf">researchgate.net</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Biokolmation&rft.atitle=Saturated+hydraulic+conductivity+reduction+caused+by+aerobic+bacteria+in+sand+columns&rft.au=P.%26%2332%3BVandevivere%2C%26%2332%3BP.%26%2332%3BBaveye&rft.date=1992&rft.doi=10.2136%2Fsssaj1992.03615995005600010001x&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Soil+Science+Society+of+America+Journal&rft.pages=1-13&rft.volume=56.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Xia, X. Zheng, H. Shao, J. Xin, Z. Sun, L. Wang: <cite style="font-style:italic">Effects of bacterial cells and two types of extracellular polymers on bioclogging of sand columns</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Hydrology</cite>. 535. Jahrgang, 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>293–300</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.01.075">10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.01.075</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Biokolmation&rft.atitle=Effects+of+bacterial+cells+and+two+types+of+extracellular+polymers+on+bioclogging+of+sand+columns&rft.au=L.%26%2332%3BXia%2C%26%2332%3BX.%26%2332%3BZheng%2C%26%2332%3BH.%26%2332%3BShao%2C+...&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Hydrology&rft.date=2016&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.jhydrol.2016.01.075&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=293-300&rft.volume=535.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Gette-Bouvarot, F. Mermillod-Blondin, R. Angulo-Jaramillo, C. Delolme, D. Lemoine, L. Lassabatere, S. Loizeau, L. Volatier: <cite style="font-style:italic">Coupling hydraulic and biological measurements highlights the key influence of algal biofilm on infiltration basin performance</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Ecohydrology</cite>. 7. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 2014, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>950–964</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1421">10.1002/eco.1421</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Damien_Lemoine/publication/264296941_Coupling_hydraulic_and_biological_measurements_highlights_the_key_influence_of_algal_biofilm_on_infiltration_basin_performance/links/54a68f350cf267bdb909d3b4.pdf">researchgate.net</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Biokolmation&rft.atitle=Coupling+hydraulic+and+biological+measurements+highlights+the+key+influence+of+algal+biofilm+on+infiltration+basin+performance&rft.au=M.%26%2332%3BGette-Bouvarot%2C%26%2332%3BF.%26%2332%3BMermillod-Blondin%2C%26%2332%3BR.%26%2332%3BAngulo-Jaramillo%2C+...&rft.date=2014&rft.doi=10.1002%2Feco.1421&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Ecohydrology&rft.pages=950-964&rft.volume=7.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Seki, T. Miyazaki, M. Nakano: <cite style="font-style:italic">Reduction of hydraulic conductivity due to microbial effects</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Transactions of Japanese Society of Irrigation, Drainage and Reclamation Engineering</cite>. 181. Jahrgang, 1996, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>137–144</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11408/jsidre1965.1996.137">10.11408/jsidre1965.1996.137</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsidre1965/1996/181/1996_181_137/_pdf">jst.go.jp</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Biokolmation&rft.atitle=Reduction+of+hydraulic+conductivity+due+to+microbial+effects&rft.au=K.%26%2332%3BSeki%2C%26%2332%3BT.%26%2332%3BMiyazaki%2C%26%2332%3BM.%26%2332%3BNakano&rft.btitle=Transactions+of+Japanese+Society+of+Irrigation%2C+Drainage+and+Reclamation+Engineering&rft.date=1996&rft.doi=10.11408%2Fjsidre1965.1996.137&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=137-144&rft.volume=181.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Seki, T. Miyazaki, M. Nakano: <cite style="font-style:italic">Effect of microorganisms on hydraulic conductivity decrease in infiltration</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">European Journal of Soil Science</cite>. 49. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 1998, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>231–236</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1998.00152.x">10.1046/j.1365-2389.1998.00152.x</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/sekika/paper/raw/master/EJSS/Seki-1998-EJSS.pdf">github.com</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Biokolmation&rft.atitle=Effect+of+microorganisms+on+hydraulic+conductivity+decrease+in+infiltration&rft.au=K.%26%2332%3BSeki%2C%26%2332%3BT.%26%2332%3BMiyazaki%2C%26%2332%3BM.%26%2332%3BNakano&rft.date=1998&rft.doi=10.1046%2Fj.1365-2389.1998.00152.x&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Soil+Science&rft.pages=231-236&rft.volume=49.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Y. Jiang, S. Matsumoto: <cite style="font-style:italic">Change in microstructure of clogged soil in soil wastewater treatment under prolonged submergence</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Soil Science and Plant Nutrition</cite>. 41. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 1995, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>207–213</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1995.10419577">10.1080/00380768.1995.10419577</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00380768.1995.10419577">tandfonline.com</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Biokolmation&rft.atitle=Change+in+microstructure+of+clogged+soil+in+soil+wastewater+treatment+under+prolonged+submergence&rft.au=Y.%26%2332%3BJiang%2C%26%2332%3BS.%26%2332%3BMatsumoto&rft.date=1995&rft.doi=10.1080%2F00380768.1995.10419577&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Soil+Science+and+Plant+Nutrition&rft.pages=207-213&rft.volume=41.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S.W. Taylor, P.C.D. Milly, P.R. Jaffé: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biofilm growth and the related changes in the physical properties of a porous medium: 2. Permeability</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Water Resources Research</cite>. 26. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, 1990, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2161–2169</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i009p02161">10.1029/WR026i009p02161</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Biokolmation&rft.atitle=Biofilm+growth+and+the+related+changes+in+the+physical+properties+of+a+porous+medium%3A+2.+Permeability&rft.au=S.W.%26%2332%3BTaylor%2C%26%2332%3BP.C.D.%26%2332%3BMilly%2C%26%2332%3BP.R.%26%2332%3BJaff%C3%A9&rft.date=1990&rft.doi=10.1029%2FWR026i009p02161&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Water+Resources+Research&rft.pages=2161-2169&rft.volume=26.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Zhao, W. Zhu, W. Tong: <cite style="font-style:italic">Clogging processes caused by biofilm growth and organic particle accumulation in lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Environmental Sciences</cite>. 21. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>750–757</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742%2808%2962336-0">10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62336-0</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jesc.ac.cn/jesc_en/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=2009210608&%3Bflag=1&%3Bjournal_id=jesc_en&origin=publication_detail">jesc.ac.cn</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Biokolmation&rft.atitle=Clogging+processes+caused+by+biofilm+growth+and+organic+particle+accumulation+in+lab-scale+vertical+flow+constructed+wetlands&rft.au=L.%26%2332%3BZhao%2C%26%2332%3BW.%26%2332%3BZhu%2C%26%2332%3BW.%26%2332%3BTong&rft.date=2009&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS1001-0742%2808%2962336-0&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Sciences&rft.pages=750-757&rft.volume=21.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Kim, H. Choi, Y.A. Pachepsky: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biofilm morphology as related to the porous media clogging</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Water Research</cite>. 44. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, 2010, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1193–1201</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.049">10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.049</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26672970_Biofilm_morphology_as_related_to_the_porous_media_clogging">researchgate.net</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Biokolmation&rft.atitle=Biofilm+morphology+as+related+to+the+porous+media+clogging&rft.au=J.%26%2332%3BKim%2C%26%2332%3BH.%26%2332%3BChoi%2C%26%2332%3BY.A.%26%2332%3BPachepsky&rft.date=2010&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.watres.2009.05.049&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Water+Research&rft.pages=1193-1201&rft.volume=44.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Seki, T. Miyazaki: <cite style="font-style:italic">A mathematical model for biological clogging of uniform porous media</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Water Resources Research</cite>. 37. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, 2001, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2995–2999</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000395">10.1029/2001WR000395</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/sekika/paper/raw/master/WRR/Seki-2001-WRR.pdf">github.com</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Biokolmation&rft.atitle=A+mathematical+model+for+biological+clogging+of+uniform+porous+media&rft.au=K.%26%2332%3BSeki%2C%26%2332%3BT.%26%2332%3BMiyazaki&rft.date=2001&rft.doi=10.1029%2F2001WR000395&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Water+Resources+Research&rft.pages=2995-2999&rft.volume=37.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W.D. Reynolds, D.A. Brown, S.P. Mathur, R.P. Overend: <cite style="font-style:italic">Effect of in-situ gas accumulation on the hydraulic conductivity of peat</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Soil Science</cite>. 153. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 1992, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>397–408</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.lww.com/soilsci/Abstract/1992/05000/EFFECT_OF_IN_SITU_GAS_ACCUMULATION_ON_THE.7.aspx">lww.com</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Biokolmation&rft.atitle=Effect+of+in-situ+gas+accumulation+on+the+hydraulic+conductivity+of+peat&rft.au=W.D.%26%2332%3BReynolds%2C%26%2332%3BD.A.%26%2332%3BBrown%2C%26%2332%3BS.P.%26%2332%3BMathur%2C+...&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Soil+Science&rft.pages=397-408&rft.volume=153.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Houot, J. Berthelin: <cite style="font-style:italic">Submicroscopic studies of iron deposits occurring in field drains: Formation and evolution</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Geoderma</cite>. 52. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3–4</span>, 1992, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>209–222</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061%2892%2990037-8">10.1016/0016-7061(92)90037-8</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Biokolmation&rft.atitle=Submicroscopic+studies+of+iron+deposits+occurring+in+field+drains%3A+Formation+and+evolution&rft.au=S.%26%2332%3BHouot%2C%26%2332%3BJ.%26%2332%3BBerthelin&rft.date=1992&rft.doi=10.1016%2F0016-7061%2892%2990037-8&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3-4&rft.jtitle=Geoderma&rft.pages=209-222&rft.volume=52.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
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